Bartholin's gland cysts and abscesses are the most common cystic swelling of the vulva in women of reproductive age and are usually small in size, as the discomfort associated with it necessitates early consultations. Huge Bartholin's abscesses are uncommon and even fewer cases have been reported were among non-pregnant women. This case involved a 25-year old grandmultipara, who presented at a gestational age of 24 weeks with a huge vulval swelling measuring 14cm x 10cm, following failure of its resolution from self-medicated antibiotics. She had experienced similar but smaller vulvar enlargements in her two preceeding pregnancies that had resolved following similar medical treatment. She was treated successfully with marsupialization, without any adverse effect on the pregnancy. This case illustrates the likelihood of huge Bartholin's abscess complicating pregnancy and that there should be no hesitation to apply marsupialization in its treatment. The recurrence of the abscess in three successive pregnancies in this woman, who kept using self-prescribed antibiotics is a worrying trend that will require the education of women at various reproductive health care clinics about vulvar swellings and warn against antibiotics abuse.

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Introduction: Nutrition refers to intake of food necessary for optimal growth, function, and health. A well-nourished mother is likely to have healthy infants with appropriate birth weight. Objective: To review nutrition including the dietary habit of the pregnant and postpartum women in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Review involving Internet and literature search. Results: Undernutrition in women aged 15–49 years decreased from 15% (2003) to 11% (2013), while overnutrition increased from 21% (2003) to 25% (2013). Inadequate intake of calories and micronutrient is a major feature of studies on the dietary pattern of Nigerian pregnant women. Multinutrient malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies are a consequence of low content of macronutrients and micronutrients in diet and staple foods in Nigeria. Food restriction/taboos occur in association with primigravidity; teenage pregnancy; lack of formal education; low household income, signifying low socio-economic status and a low body mass index. Food restrictions/taboos are common with proteins and vegetable. Commonly consumed vegetable contain adequate mineral and vitamins. Poor food preparation habit e.g blanching of vegetable and parboiling of rice occur. Postpartum mother has poor dietary intake–malnutrition, overweight, and obese body mass index. Caloric intake is high with low intake of protein and fat. There is intake of spices and peppery food believed to flush out lochia, and consumption of palm wine believed to assist breast flow. Consequences of anemia include–folic acid and iron deficiency, malaria, hookworm infestation, and urinary tract infections. Conclusion: Dietary habit on nutrition in pregnancy and postpartum women in Nigeria is poor. Recommendation: Recommended measures to improve maternal nutrition in Nigeria include development of dietary guideline for pregnancy and postpartum; health education on nutrition in pregnancy, using information, education and communication materials; provision of adequate rest and reduction of workload; counselling of pregnant women on intake of diversified food, and provision of treatment supplement; encouraging exclusive breastfeeding; and micronutrient supplementation/food fortification for postpartum mothers.

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Cervical cancer is the most common female genital tract malignancy in Nigeria and majority of the patients present with advanced disease. It is a preventable cancer as there are well-defined treatable premalignant phases. The objective of the study is to review the burden of cervical cancer, its screening modalities, and practice of screening and treatment in low resource countries with emphasis on Nigeria. This is a review involving internet and literature search. While developed countries have recorded significant reduction in the incidence of cervical cancer owing to organized screening programs, treatment of premalignant cervical lesions, and follow-up of treated cases, developing countries including Nigeria are yet to optimally utilize screening services due to lack of organized population-based screening programs with only pockets of screening services which are at best opportunistic. This has not reduced the incidence of cancer because only a fraction of the target population is covered. Apart from this, loss to follow-up is rampant. The level of awareness of cervical cancer and its preventive strategies are low among the population and policymakers in Nigeria. There is no organized screening program, and the few services available are only opportunistic with little or no impact. Development of cervical cancer screening policy and institution of organized screening program targeted at covering ≥80% of population at risk is fundamental. There is also a need for widespread education of the populace on the burden of cervical cancer and the public health importance of the disease using the mass media, counseling at antenatal clinics, and the involvement of men will contribute immensely to reduction in the incidence of cervical cancer. Decentralization of services by incorporation of cervical screening and treatment in primary health care programs will ensure adequate rural-urban coverage.

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Contraceptive implants are highly cost-effective forms of long-acting reversible contraception. They are the most effective reversible contraceptives and are more effective than sterilization. Pregnancies are rare in women using this method of contraception, and those that do occur must be fully investigated. There are very few contraindications to use of implants, and they have an excellent safety profile with very high acceptability and continuation rate. Other benefits include noninterference with intercourse, immediate onset of action, and return to fertility after removal, improvements in dysmenorrhea, ovulatory pain, and endometriosis. Despite the numerous advantages, the uptake of contraceptive implants is still very low in the southwestern part of Nigeria. This may be due to lack of public awareness about their numerous benefits. Efforts should be made to increase awareness via campaigns and health education. Also, there should be easy accessibility to the contraceptive implants and continuous training of family planning providers on the insertion and removal techniques.

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Postgraduate Medical Education (PME) in Nigeria: Past, Present and Future was a solicited paper delivered at the Annual Scientific Conference of Society of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Nigeria held in Abuja in November 2015 in honour of Professor L. N. Ajabor, the doyen of medical practice and a foremost practitioner and researcher in Obstetrics and Gynaecology whose several achievements and influences on professional practice in undergraduate and postgraduate medical education span over 40 years within and outside Nigeria. This lecture was a befitting tribute to a hero, mentor and benefactor, who with several of his colleagues championed the development and implementation of PME in Nigeria in the 70s, the assessment undertaken in this paper suggests that while the main purpose of PME have largely being achieved in Nigeria, a lot remains to be done in propelling it beyond its original vision to enable it compare favourably with similar medical post graduate training in other parts of the world. This lecture is organized in four main areas: Professor Linus Ajabor autobiography, The history, origin and intention of postgraduate medical training from the international perspectives, the history of postgraduate medical education in Nigeria, status of residency training in Nigeria, challenges facing medical education in Nigeria. The PhD versus fellowship controversy in Nigeria and the future of postgraduate medical education in Nigeria.

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Background and Objective: The accurate gestational age (GA) is critically important for pregnancy management, particularly for determining viability and growth in premature labor. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of occipitofrontal diameter (OFD) in estimation of GA in the second and third trimester of pregnancy. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional prospective study, a total of 483 Sudanese pregnant women underwent the routine sonographic examination at different antenatal care centers in Khartoum state using curvilinear transducers 3.5 MHz. The fetal OFD, biparietal diameter (BPD), and femoral length (FL) were measured and correlated with GA. Equations were obtained from regression models to estimate the GA. Results: In total, 384 singleton fetuses ranging between 12 and 40 weeks of gestation were enrolled. A statistically significant and strong relationship was found between OFD and GA, R² = 0.85. The model regression of OFD, BPD, and FL produced together with an accurate equation to estimate GA in second and third trimester with the equation; GA (weeks) = 4.474 + 100 × BPD + 0.118 × OFD + 0.128 FL (r = 0.909, n = 384, SE = 2.271). The equation of GA from OFD alone was GA = 3.663+.286 × OFD with SE = 2.882. The OFD can be used as a single lone parameter in the estimation of GA to give an accuracy of SE ± 2.882 days, but when used in combination with the other two parameters, the accuracy increased to SE ± 2.770 days. Conclusion: Fetal OFD assessed by sonography may serve as a useful parameter in determining GA and evaluating fetal growth in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.

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Background: Anemia is the most common hematologic abnormality diagnosed in pregnancy. It continues to be a major health problem in many developing countries and is associated with increased rates of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. We do not know the prevalence of anemia in our pregnant population at booking in Abakaliki despite the aforementioned devastation of anemia in pregnancy, hence the need for this study. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study of 501 pregnant women who attended antenatal care at the Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Their antenatal case records were retrieved from the records department and the antenatal records unit of the hospital. All the relevant information were retrieved and analyzed. Results: Using the World Health Organization criterion of 11 g/dl to define anemia in pregnancy, majority of our pregnant women at booking, 283 (56%) were anemic at booking with 196 (69.3%) being mildly anemic and 87 (30.7%) being moderately anemic. None of our patients was severely anemic. However, using the Lawson definition of anemia in pregnancy as a hemoglobin of below 10 g/dl as the cutoff, 16% of the pregnant women were anemic at booking with 75 (14.9%) being mildly anemic and 5 (6.3%) moderately anemic. None was severely anemic. Conclusion: Anemia in pregnancy has an unacceptably high prevalence in our pregnant population at booking, and all efforts must be made to correct this widespread problem as early as possible using the most appropriate and expeditious means to avoid preventable calamities.

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Fetus-in-fetu is a rare congenital condition in which a malformed parasitic twin is found within the body of its partner. Although a few had been documented worldwide, none has been reported in Nigeria. In this report, we document the history of a concoction of drugs of an indeterminate nature taken in pregnancy, the wrong diagnosis by the rural based sonographer and the presence of polyhydraminos. Our finding of a previously misdiagnosed oropharyngeal fetus-in fetu with dichorionic and cardiac features calls for a revision of the current definition of fetus-in fetu. It also raises an important hypothesis of the likely associations between drugs, infections, pregnancy induced hypertension and fetus-in-fetu.

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Background: Caesarean section is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures in obstetrics and certainly one of the oldest operations in surgery; the incidence of caesarean section is steadily rising. The increasing use of CS as a mode of delivery is due to improved safety of the procedure because of increasing use of antibiotics, blood availability, and improved anesthetic techniques. Despite all these, problems of safety and cost still pose some concern, particularly in resource-poor countries. Objective: To evaluate the incidence, indications, and outcomes of caesarean section in this hospital during the period under review. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective descriptive analysis of all the caesarean sections carried out at the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada from 1^st January 2012 to 31^st December 2016. The labor ward delivery register and theatre operation register were also reviewed. The nature and indications for the procedure were analyzed. Other parameters reviewed included booking status of the patient, parity, and fetal outcome. Results were presented using simple percentages and ratios. Results: Out of 9,604 deliveries during the study period, 2,053 cases were by caesarean section, giving a caesarean section rate of 21.4%. Most cases 1647 (80.2%) were by emergency caesarean sections and elective caesarean section accounted for 406 (19.8%) cases. The rate of caesarean section was higher among unbooked patients 1304 (63.5%) than booked patients 749 (36.5%). Cephalopelvic disproportion was the most common indication 633 (30.8%) followed by fetal distress 484 (23.6%) and severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia 224 (10.9%). Anemia was the most common postpartum morbidity and there were 17 maternal deaths and the maternal case fatality rate was 0.8%, and there were 62 (2.9%) perinatal deaths due to birth asphyxia following emergency caesarean section. Conclusion: The rate of caesarean section has been increasing gradually and is associated with maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. There is need for education of the populace to reduce late presentation.

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Background: Grand multiparity is a high-risk pregnancy, and it is a common phenomenon in this part of the world, and when added to low socioeconomic status, it significantly increases obstetrics risk to mother and fetus. Objective: To determine the social class and reasons for grand multiparity in Calabar. Materials and Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar. The study comprised 150 grand multiparous women who were admitted for delivery and consented to the study during the period. The social class, educational level, and reasons for grand multiparity were determined. The data obtained were collated and analyzed using SPSS version 18. Results: The incidence of grand multiparity in this study is 8.7%, and most grand multiparous women belong to low social class 63 (42.0%). Grand multiparity was higher among women with primary education, polygamous marriage, and traders. Gender desirability (31.3%) was the most common reason for grand multiparity followed by desire for more offspring to maintain large family size (16.7%). Conclusion: This study showed that the incidence of grand multiparity is still high in our environment, and the reasons were complex, multiple, interrelated but preventable. Health awareness on the dangers of grand multiparity, reorientation of our long-held culture of gender preference, female education, and economic empowerment will help women to discard wrong sociocultural and religious beliefs.

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Background: Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) is a widely accepted method of contraception. Displacement of this device is an important complication of this method of family planning. Objective: This study aims to determine the biosocial characteristics of patients with missing intrauterine devices (IUDs), complication of missing IUD, the diagnostic and management modalities at Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Bida. Materials and Methods: This is a 5-year retrospective study of all cases of missing IUDs that were managed at both the family planning and gynecological clinics of the FMC, Bida, between January 1^st, 2010, and December 31^st, 2014. A list of clientele that had IUD inserted during the study was compiled from the family planning record book, and the case files were retrieved from the medical records section. Data were collected using a pro forma and analyzed. Results: A total number of 1540 IUDs were inserted within the period under review while 21 of the inserted IUD were missing hence a prevalence rate of 1.4% of missing IUD. Within the 5 years' review, 4854 clients were seen at the family planning clinic for various family planning services out of which 1540, used IUD giving a 31.7% of total contraceptive use thus making IUD the third-most commonly used method of contraception after norethisterone-enanthate and depomedroxyprogesterone acetate at FMC, Bida. Associated with the missing IUD were a lower abdominal pain, irregular vaginal bleeding, vaginal discharge, and co-existing pregnancy. There was no ectopic pregnancy or death recorded. Conclusion: IUCD is an acceptable and common form of contraception worldwide and is the third-most commonly used contraceptive method at FMC, Bida. It requires minimal effort at follow-up; and missing IUD, one of the complications associated with its use could be a source of psychological disturbance to the client and also an indication for major surgery among IUD users.

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Man had always tried to regulate births through various means involving the use of one or more actions such as medications, agents, sexual practices, or surgical procedures to prevent conception or pregnancy. The existing birth control methods include traditional and modern. The traditional methods are celibacy or sexual abstinence and withdrawal or coitus interruptus while the modern methods include male and female condoms, spermicide, contraceptives, sponge, diaphragm, pills, and vasectomy. Research has shown that hormonal approach to male contraception may be effective, reversible, and even safe. Efforts are ongoing to develop newer male contraceptives that will allow men to become full partners in the prevention of unintended pregnancy. This work reviews existing methods of birth control including current researches in birth control especially in the male.

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Introduction: Family planning is very important and confers huge benefits to the woman, her family and country. It helps reduce maternal morbidity and mortality among other benefits. In spite of these obvious benefits of and the huge expenditure on it, uptake by women continues to be very low. We conducted this study to find out the reasons for this low uptake in our practice environment. Methodology: This is a cross sectional study where structured pre-tested questionnaires were administered to women in Abakaliki, the capital of Ebonyi State from February to April 2015. Results: Of the 354 questionnaires administered, 330 (93.2%) were complete and used for analysis. Majority of the respondents, 285 (86.4%) were in the 26 to 30 years age bracket. All of them were Ibos. Sixty two(18.8%) of the participants had one of their pregnancies unplanned and 19(5.7%) had at least one of their pregnancies unwanted. Though 300 (90.9%) had heard of family planning and was aware of it, only 180(54.5%) had used a family planning method before with majority, 105(58.2%) using natural family planning method. Only 22.7% of the participants was using a family planning method at the time of the study. In majority of the women,166(50.3%) ,their fears about family planning was the troublesome side effects followed by 110(33.3%) whose husbands objected to their using family planning. Twenty seven women (8.2%) respectively did not use family planning because it is against their culture and religion. Conclusion: Though some progress have been made in family planning, a lot more will be achieved if new programmes are designed to involve the men more actively and address other identified fears among women with regards to family planning.

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Background: Menopause is an important part of the life of a woman. The perception and reaction to these symptoms vary from woman to woman and among different tribes and races. Nigerian women are becoming more aware of menopause and its associated problems through the media and other sources. This has important implications including health and financial burden of treatment and loss of work hours. Objective: To determine the pattern of menopausal symptoms and factors affecting them among Ibo women in southeast and Hausa women in northeast geopolitical zones of Nigeria. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study involving 261 randomly selected postmenopausal women from the southeast and northeast geopolitical zones of Nigeria. Results: The mean age of the respondent was 52.68 ± 5.76. Major complaints were joint and body pains (74%), reduction in scalp hair volume (57%), internal heat (51.7%), and vulvar pruritus (47.1%). Most of them had multiple symptoms with moderate severity (58.6%). Vulva vagina dryness was observed in age group of 50–54 years while underweight women presented more with forgetfulness. Women with tertiary education were more likely to experience severe symptoms and to seek medical help, and Ibo women were more likely to have their daily functions affected by menopause (P < 0.05). Only 7.9% of the respondents had knowledge of treatment for menopausal symptoms. Conclusion: There is an increased awareness of menopause among women in this population. Menopausal women mainly experienced body and joint pains and reduction in scalp hair volume, contrary to commonly held view that dark-skinned women mainly experience vasomotor symptoms. Menopausal clinics will address these problems.

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Background: Since derangements of lipids and lipoproteins are associated with steroidal contraceptives and could be a consequent of cardiovascular diseases, it is important to study the association with Implanon implant. Objective: Evaluation of serum lipids and lipoproteins of Implanon users after 24 months of use. Materials and Methods: The longitudinal study of 46 women who had Implanon inserted was evaluated at preinsertion, 6, 12, and 24 months for serum lipids and lipoproteins. Results: The mean age and parity of the users were 34.3 ± 4.9 years and 3.0 ± 2.0. The mean weight and blood pressure were 72.2 ± 11.9 kg and 118.3 ± 13.2/76.8 ± 8.6 mmHg. The serum cholesterol and triglycerides were 136.5 ± 16.9 mg/dl and 49.6 ± 14.7 mg/dl at preinsertion. At 6 months, the serum cholesterol rose without significant changes at 6 months, i.e., 138.6 ± 5.4 mg/dl (P = 0.06) and at 12 months, i.e. 137.9 ± 14.3 mg/dl (P = 0.44) of the study. The mean value showed an insignificant reduction at 24 months, i.e., 133.9 ± 12.5 mg/dl (P = 0.24). The serum triglycerides did not change significantly at 6 months -50.8 ± 11.9 (P = 0.42), 12 months -48.9 ± 9.2 (P = 0.66), and 24 months of the study -48.8 ± 10.1 mg/dl (P = 0.73) when compared with the preinsertion mean value. The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was 52.9 ± 6.3 mg/dl at preinsertion. The serum value reduced significantly at 12 months of the study to 51.1 ± 5.9 mg/dl (P = 0.03) without any significant changes at 6 months, i.e., 51.4 ± 7.4 mg/dl (P = 0.09), and at 24 months of the study, i.e., 51.4 ± 7.9 mg/dl (P = 0.38). The low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was 73.3 ± 14.9 mg/dl at insertion. The mean value significantly increased at 6 months, i.e., 77.2 ± 13.2 mg/dl (P = 0.01), 12 months, i.e., 77.2 ± 13.2 mg/dl (P = 0.05) of study with an insignificant reduction at 24 months, i.e., 72.7 ± 12.7 mg/dl (P = 0.79). Conclusion: The observed changes in the serum lipids and lipoproteins which are expected to dissipate with time were within normal values.

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Background: Childbearing and rearing are important events in every human life and are associated with the feeling of completeness, family integration, and happiness. However, approximately 1 in 10 couples worldwide experience difficulty in achieving conception. Objective: This study aims to determine the risk factors associated with secondary infertility in women attending the obstetrics and gynecology clinics of a tertiary hospital in Lagos, Nigeria. Methodology: This individually matched case–control study was carried out from July to October 2015. A total of 160 cases were recruited from the gynecology clinic and 160 matched controls were recruited from the antenatal clinic. Data were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. The information collected included sociodemographic characteristics, social history, and obstetric and gynecological history. A conditional logistic regression analysis controlling for possible confounders, which included variables significant at the univariate level, was undertaken. Results: Association with secondary infertility was found with a history of unsafe abortion (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 9.3607, confidence interval [CI] = 3.7664–23.2645), alcohol use (AOR = 16.8102, CI = 1.3972–202.2487), family history of secondary infertility (AOR = 4.7346, CI = 1.4892–15.0523), and history of sexually transmitted infections (AOR = 4.5428, CI = 1.7658–11.6866). Contrariwise, a history of regular menses and normal vaginal delivery, respectively, were found to be protective. No statistically significant relationship was observed between educational level or alcohol use of partners and secondary infertility in this study. Conclusion: The extrinsic risk factors identified in this study should be taken into consideration when designing preventive and treatment programs toward reducing the burden of secondary infertility.

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Background: Myomectomy during pregnancy is rare, however, for patients with failed response to conservative management (and are ardent at preservation of pregnancy) the need for surgery becomes imperative. This scenario may be common in a dedicated fertility treatment centre; hence the need for proficiency in gravid myomectomy. Objective: To document our experience with myomectomy during pregnancy. Methods: Report of three cases of gravid myomectomy is presented. The format of the case series included clinical presentation and surgical management. Conclusion: Our experience shows that scrupulous adherence to basic surgical principles of good exposure, minimal tissue handling, speed but careful closure/hemostasis in addition to judicious post operative care can guarantee a successful pregnancy sparing myomectomy.

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Background: Adolescent girls often lack knowledge regarding reproductive health including menstruation that could be due to sociocultural barriers in which they grow up. Materials and Methods: The study was a cross-sectional survey conducted among adolescent girls in three secondary schools at Kano, from 1^st January to 31^st December, 2016. Ethical approval was obtained from Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital Ethics Committee and Kano State Ministry of Health. Consent/assent was obtained from all the participants/guardians. Data obtained were recorded on questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 18 Statistical Software. Fishers' exact test was used in this study and P value of ≤0.05 was considered significant. Result: During the study period (from January to December, 2016), 219 adolescent secondary school girls participated in the survey. The mean age (±SD) was 16.1 ± 1.34 years. There was no statistically significant association between the mean age at menarche and the socioeconomic status of their parents (P [Fishers'] = 0.817). Up to 202 (92.2%) adolescent girls had premanarcheal counseling. Most of the information on premenarcheal counseling was provided by the parents/guardians 139 (62.9%) followed by the school teachers 42 (19.0%). Sanitary pads were the most used menstrual absorbent among the adolescents 202 (92.2%). Other menstrual absorbent used by the adolescents were toilet roll 11 (5.0%) and cloth 5 (2.3%). Among the methods of disposal of menstrual absorbent, dustbin 161 (73.9%) was the most used followed by disposal in the toilet 32 (14.7%), and burning 21 (9.6%). Other methods of disposal used by the adolescents were by washing it or road side/farm/over the fence disposal 4 (1.8%). Conclusion: There was good menstrual hygiene among the adolescent school girls. Sanitary pads were the most used menstrual absorbent.

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Background: Preconception care (PCC) has been found to improve fetomaternal outcome but it is not widely practiced in Nigeria. Objective: To obtain information concerning the level of awareness, perception and practice of PCC among health workers with the view of providing recommendation for a framework for its implementation in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 280 health workers (doctors and nurses) using pretested self-administered, semi-structured questionnaires between November 2013 and January 2014. Analysis was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 16.0. Chi-square test was used to determine relationships between variables. Results: The response rate was 85.0% with 130 (54.2%) doctors and 109 (45.8%) nurses. Most (83.3%) of the respondents had heard of PCC, and 91.6% defined it correctly. Only 55 (23%) knew more than 75% of the components of PCC. The difference in knowledge of PCC between doctors and nurses and based on years of experience was statistically significant (c² = 0.014). Only 114 (47.7%) had ever offered some form of PCC. The most common intervention was preconception folic acid administration in 33% of the respondents. The perceived obstacles to assessing PCC were poor information (88.3%), poor health seeking behaviour (68.6%) and unplanned pregnancies (60.7%). Majority 182 (76.2%) felt obstetricians should handle PCC followed by family physicians. Opportunistic delivery was cited as the best mode of delivery. Conclusion: The level of awareness of PCC is high among health workers, especially doctors. It can be offered opportunistically until full integration into the health care system. Training of health workers will improve its implementation.

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Background: Data regarding burden of illness borne by women affected with cancer of the cervix (CaCvx) has been largely anecdotal. This study aimed to evaluate disability and cost burden of the illness in northern Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Cost of illness was determined using the bottom-up approach and involved estimating costs of managing various stages of the illness while disability adjusted life year (DALY) was estimated sing CaCvx survival data from northern Nigeria. Results: Overall cost of illness ranged from ₦191,338 ($524) to ₦1,001,298 ($2,743) for local to metastatic diseases, respectively. Of these, direct medical costs accounted for up to 75.4% while indirect costs accounted for up to 48% in different stages of the disease. Productivity losses ranged from 18.3% to 43.1%, while surgical, medical, and radiotherapies accounted for losses between 37.2% and 46%. Estimated DALY was 269 years/100,000 women with cost/DALY saved on treatment estimated at between $19 and $1,443 for different stages. At the discounted rate, it was estimated that it would be 16 to 902 times cheaper to screen for the disease than to treat (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Though burden of illness borne by women with CaCvx in northern Nigeria is similar to that borne by women in other developing countries, it is still too high; and the only panacea to this is institution of early screening programs and immunization. In addition, concerted effort is needed to ensure extension of health insurance coverage for cancer therapy and increase in availability of radiotherapy service as a means of reducing waiting times for treatment.

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To describe an atypical presentation of subserous uterine fibroid. We report a case of pseudo-Meig's syndrome from subserous uterine fibroid in a 31-year-old para 0⁺⁰ woman who had myomectomy, appendectomy, and bilateral wedge resection of both ovaries. Histopathological examination confirmed uterine leiomyoma, appendicitis, and normal ovaries. Pseudo-Meig's syndrome is a condition which describes the association of any ovarian tumour (other than ovarian fibroma) or any other pelvic tumor such as leiomyoma with ascites and pleural effusion. Very few studies have reported the association of this entity with leiomyoma. It becomes highly important to identify this condition as it is a curable condition mimicking malignancy and can avoid unnecessary interventions. Subserous fibroid presenting with pseudo-Meig's syndrome is a rarely reported entity, especially in Nigeria, which can mimic malignant condition; hence, it is important to consider it as a differential in patients within the reproductive age presenting with ascites.

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Context: Induction of labour is a useful obstetric intervention, yet it is underutilized in Africa. Recommendations for practice may reduce its unmet need. Objective: This study aims to determine labour induction success rates and identify predictors of outcome. Study Design, Setting and Patients: This was a retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional study of 104 women who had induction of labour at the University College Hospital, Nigeria. Main Outcome Measures: Primary outcomes were vaginal delivery within 24 hours and caesarean delivery. Analyses were done by Chi-square tests, t-tests and logistic regression. Results: Labour induction rate was 12.7%; most were performed on account of post-dated pregnancies and pre-labour rupture of membranes. Forty-six, (44.2%) had vaginal delivery within 24 hours whereas induction failed (i.e. caesarean delivery) in 38 (36.5%). The mean duration of the process was 12.0 ± 6.6 hours with misoprostol, 8 hours less than with oxytocin (P < 0.01). Misoprostol was significantly more likely to result in delivery within 24 hours in comparison to extra-amniotic transcervical catheter for ripening (P = 0.02, OR = 5.1, 95% CI = 1.2-21.1), and to oxytocin for induction (P = 0.03, OR = 6.5, 95% CI = 1.2-36.3), respectively. Adverse effects were infrequent and comparable with either method. Conclusion: Success rate needs to be improved upon. Higher parity, later gestation and misoprostol ripening or induction are associated with successful outcomes. It is recommended that clients' experience may be improved by commencing misoprostol cervical ripening the night before induction and administering the medication orally rather than vaginally.

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Introduction: Severe preeclampsia and eclampsia are pregnancy-specific diseases associated with increased maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and outcomes of pregnancies complicated by severe preeclampsia and eclampsia in the Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki (FETHA). Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of patients managed for severe preeclampsia/eclampsia from 1^st January 2012 to 31^st December 2017. Registers were reviewed, and the patient's case files were retrieved. Sociodemographic data, risk factors, and fetomaternal outcomes were extracted using a pro forma. The data were collated, imputed, and analyzed using Epi Info (Atlanta, USA) version 7. The proportion and outcomes of pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia and eclampsia within the period were estimated. A Chi-squared test was used to compare the relationship between the severe disease and sociodemographic characteristics and fetomaternal outcome at 5% level of significance. Ethical clearance was obtained from the research and ethics committee of FETHA. Results: The overall prevalence of severe preeclampsia/eclampsia was 4.0% with severe preeclampsia accounting for 3.4% and eclampsia 0.6%. The peak prevalence was in 2017, 5.2%. The majority of the patients were between 20 and 34 years, mean age was 27.3 ± 5.2 years. The majority of the patients were rural dwellers 130 (51.4%). About 107 (51.4%) attained secondary level of education. Only 93 (36.6%) were booked in FETHA. Primigravidity was the commonest risk factor 76 (29.9%). More women had cesarean section 124 (48.8%). The mean gestational age was 35 weeks and mean birth weight was 2.4 ± 0.8 kg. Maternal and perinatal deaths were recorded in 0.8% and 29.1% of the parturient, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of preeclampsia and eclampsia was high in this study and there was increased maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. There is an urgent need for wider antenatal coverage, timely diagnosis, and prompt intervention to reverse this trend.

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Background: Cervical cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in many developing countries. Cervical cancer can be prevented by screening and treatment of premalignant lesions of the cervix. Primary healthcare centers are the health centers closest to the grassroots in Nigeria and thus may be appropriate for population-based cervical cancer screening programs. This study sought to assess awareness of cervical cancer and its screening methods among women attending primary healthcare centers in Zaria, Nigeria. Methodology: It was a cross-sectional study. Participants were women accessing healthcare in primary healthcare centers in Zaria. Eight primary healthcare centers in Zaria were purposively selected for the study. Data were obtained by focus group discussions (FGDs). The FGDs were tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The transcripts obtained were analyzed into themes based on the objectives of the study. Results: The mean age of respondents was 26 years (standard deviation 4.9 years). Many participants were aware of symptoms of cervical cancer; however, they were not aware of the risk factors. Pap smear was the only screening method known to participants. Conclusion: Awareness of cervical cancer and cervical screening did not reflect adequate knowledge about cervical cancer and screening methods. There is a need for healthcare providers to offer adequate health education about the disease and screening methods.

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Background: Infertility is a worldwide problem, affecting 8%–15% of couples in their reproductive age. There is a wide variation in the pattern of infertility in different parts of the world, being highest in the infertility belt of Africa, which includes Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive study, involving infertile couples attending the gynaecology clinic of Eku Baptist Government Hospital, a secondary health facility in Delta. The study was conducted from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2015. Case notes of all eligible couples attending the gynecology clinic were retrieved; relevant information was extracted and subsequently analyzed. Results: The incidence of infertility was 32.0%. The mean age of infertile women was 34 ± 6 years, mean duration of infertility was 5 ± 3 years, 58.9% of women had secondary infertility, 56.0% of male partners of women had abnormal seminal pattern, resulting in a high (40.6%) contribution of male factor to infertility in our study. Conclusion: This study has established a 32.0% institutional incidence rate of infertility in Delta State, similar to the findings in other parts of the country. It has also confirmed the predominance of secondary infertility in this part of the country. The high level of abnormal seminal pattern in this study was responsible for the high male factor contribution to infertility in the study area.

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