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 Table of Contents  
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 2020  |  Volume : 37  |  Issue : 1  |  Page : 53-57

Association between preeclampsia and cancer antigen 125 in women attending antenatal clinic in Usmanu, Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto


1 Federal Medical Centre, Gusau, Nigeria
2 Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria

Date of Submission09-Dec-2019
Date of Decision13-Dec-2019
Date of Acceptance25-Mar-2020
Date of Web Publication14-Aug-2020

Correspondence Address:
Dr. Yetunde Bolatito Aremu-Kasumu
Aremu.Kasumu, Federal Medical Centre, Gusau
Nigeria
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Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/TJOG.TJOG_89_19

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  Abstract 


Background: Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy that is characterized by the development of elevated blood pressure and proteinuria after 20 weeks of conception in a previously normotensive and non-proteinuric patient. It is one of the leading and most important causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality and it occurred in about 6% of human pregnancies. In Usmanu Danfodiyo Teaching Hospital Sokoto, preeclampsia and its complications were the leading causes of death in the year 2016. Preeclampsia has many suggested biomarkers, some of which are not well-defined. It has been assumed that failure in trophoblastic invasion and induction of an inflammatory process within the placenta in patients with preeclampsia may trigger the expression of CA-125 antigen. This study established a definite association between CA-125 and preeclampsia.
Aims: This study was conducted to determine the relationship between cancer antigen 125 and preeclampsia and its correlation with severity.
Settings and Design: Hospital-based study, comparative cross-sectional study.
Methods and Materials: Ninety-seven pregnant women with preeclampsia were recruited as cases while 97 pregnant women without preeclampsia were similarly recruited as controls. In both groups (cases and controls), only women with singleton pregnancies at ≥32 weeks' gestational ages were recruited. Sociodemographic characteristics, obstetric history, family history, and clinical data were obtained using a standard interviewer-administered questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements were taken. Blood samples were taken for measurement of serum cancer antigen 125. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was used as an indicator of the severity of the disease.
Statistical Analysis Used: SPSS computer statistical software version 22, percentages, Chi-square, mean, Pearson correlation test.
Results: The age range of the respondents was between 16 and 45 years. The mean age for the control was 28.6 ± 5.9 years, 27.9 ± 7.5 and 28.7 ± 7.2 years, for the control and severe preeclampsia groups, respectively. The mean level of CA-125 in the preeclampsia group was significantly higher than the control (36.13 ± 23.02 vs 24.53 ± 9.42). The mean levels of CA-125 in severe preeclampsia were significantly higher than mild preeclampsia (45.68 ± 23.38 vs 21.94 ± 13.18), P = 0.001. The MAP in mild and severe preeclampsia was 112.82 ± 3.55 mmHg and 130.63 ± 12.87 mmHg respectively. A negligible positive correlation was observed between the MAP and CA-125 in the mild preeclampsia group (r = 0.01, P = 0.48), while a positive correlation, that was statistically significant was observed between the MAP and CA-125 in the severe preeclampsia group (r = 0.62, P = 0.001).
Conclusions: This study found a significant association between preeclampsia and CA-125. In addition, a positive relationship between the level of CA-125 and the severity of preeclampsia was established.

Keywords: CA-125; preeclampsia; Sokoto.


How to cite this article:
Aremu-Kasumu YB, Nwobodo EI, Ango IG, Abdulrahman MB, Joel FA, Betty FB. Association between preeclampsia and cancer antigen 125 in women attending antenatal clinic in Usmanu, Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto. Trop J Obstet Gynaecol 2020;37:53-7

How to cite this URL:
Aremu-Kasumu YB, Nwobodo EI, Ango IG, Abdulrahman MB, Joel FA, Betty FB. Association between preeclampsia and cancer antigen 125 in women attending antenatal clinic in Usmanu, Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto. Trop J Obstet Gynaecol [serial online] 2020 [cited 2024 Mar 28];37:53-7. Available from: https://www.tjogonline.com/text.asp?2020/37/1/53/292022




  Introduction Top


Preeclampsia is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide.[1] It is defined as new onset of sustained elevated blood pressure (≥140 mmHg systolic or ≥90 mmHg diastolic on at least two occasions, 6 h apart) and proteinuria (at least 1+ on dipstick or ≥300 mg in a 24-h urine collection) first occurring after 20 weeks of gestation.[1],[2] Preeclampsia is severe when systolic blood pressure is ≥160 mmHg systolic or ≥110 mmHg diastolic, urine protein excretion is greater than 5 g in a 24-h collection, and neurologic disturbances.[2] Other criteria include pulmonary edema, hepatic dysfunction, renal compromise, thrombocytopenia, placental abruption, and fetal growth restriction.[1],[2]

While its etiology is not completely clear,[3] risk factors include nulliparity, previous history of preeclampsia in multiparas, maternal age, race, familial aggregation, and socioeconomic status.[4],[5],[6],[7]

Cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) is an inflammatory mediator which is located on the cell surface.[8],[9] It is generally expressed in ovarian cancer,[10] endometriosis, fibroids, pelvic inflammatory disease, and pregnancy.[8] It is theorized that the failure of trophoblastic invasion and the induction of an inflammatory process within the placenta may trigger the expression of CA-125.[8],[9],[11]

This study examined the association of CA-125 and preeclampsia.


  Subjects and Methods Top


A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted. Ninety-seven pregnant women with preeclampsia were recruited as cases and 97 pregnant women without preeclampsia were similarly recruited as controls. Sociodemographic characteristics, obstetric history, family history, and clinical data were obtained using a standard interviewer-administered questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements were taken and blood samples were taken for measurement of serum cancer antigen 125. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was used as an indicator of the severity of preeclampsia. The data obtained were analyzed using mean, t-test and Pearson correlation test. Approval from the ethics committee was obtained 27-03-2017.


  Results Top


The 194 study participants were recruited into three groups: Control (n = 97), mild preeclampsia (n = 39), and severe preeclampsia (n = 58).

[Table 1] shows the demographic characteristics of the patients. The age range of the respondents was between 16 and 45 years. The mean age for the control was 28.6 ± 5.9, for the mild preeclampsia group, it was 27.9 ± 7.5 while for the severe preeclampsia group, it was 28.7 ± 7.2. 50.8% of the preeclamptics and 49.2% of the controls made up the married population. Most of the study respondents had either primary 67 (34.5%) or secondary education 87 (44.8%).
Table 1: Sociodemographic characteristics of patients

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[Table 2] shows mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the control group were lower than the study group (113.92 ± 10.56mmHg vs 162.16 ± 18.44mmHg), and (69.28 ± 8.37 mmHg vs 104.12 ± 12.81mmHg) respectively.
Table 2: Blood pressure values of study respondents

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  Discussion Top


[Table 3] shows the highest MAP of 130.63 ± 12.87, with a range of 113–183 mmHg in the severe preeclampsia group.
Table 3: MAP in both the study and the control groups

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[Table 4] and [Table 5] show statistically significant differences between the mean concentrations of CA-125 in the control and study groups (24.53 ± 9.42 IU/mL vs 36.13 ± 23.02 IU/mL).
Table 4: CA-125 levels of study respondents

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Table 5: CA-125 levels of study respondents and preecclampsia severity

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Using Pearson correlation test, [Table 5] shows a positive correlation, that was statistically significant between MAP and CA-125 in the preeclamptic group (r =0.70, P value = 0.001).

[Table 6] shows a negligible positive correlation, was observed between the MAP and CA-125 in the mild preeclampsia group (r =0.01, P value = 0.48) but, a positive correlation, that was statistically significant was observed between the MAP and CA-125 in the severe preeclampsia group (r =0.62, P value = 0.001).
Table 6: Correlation between CA-125 and map in the control and study groups

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This current study showed that the age range was similar to what has been used by other authors.[6],[7],[8],[9] The mean concentration of maternal serum CA-125 in normal pregnancy was 24.53 ± 9.42 IU/ml in this study. This is similar to 17.2 ± 8.1 IU/mL found by Karaman et al. in normal pregnancy.[1] However, a higher level has been reported by Bhattacharya et al. who found a mean concentration of 47 ± 3.34 IU/mL in normal pregnancy.[9] Also, Ozat et al. in their own study got a mean concentration of 48.25 ± 3.34 IU/mL in normal pregnancies.[8] A much lower level was reported by Miami et al. who got a mean level of 13.70 ± 8.44 IU/mL.[7] In addition, Gyawali et al. got a mean level of 9.0 IU/mL.[8] The wide variations in these values could be due to the different kits and methods used in the assay of maternal serum CA-125.

The mean level of CA-125 in preeclamptic respondents in this study was 36.13 ± 23.02 IU/mL. A mean level of 21.94 ± 13.18 IU/mL was observed in mild preeclamptics, while a mean level of 45.68 ± 23.38 IU/mL was seen in the severe preeclamptics in this study. This is comparable to a study by Karaman et al. who observed a mean concentration of 18.8 ± 8.4 IU/mL in mild preeclamptics, and 38.8 ± 20.9 IU/mL in severe preeclamptics.[1] Bhattacharya et al. observed a mean concentration of 53.7 ± 8.52 IU/mL in the mild preeclampsia group, and 58.5 ± 4.02 IU/mL in the severe preeclampsia group.[9]

This current study established a positive relationship between the level of CA-125 and severity of preeclampsia, as shown by the increase in the mean concentrations of CA-125 in the severe preeclampsia group, and also the statistically significant positive correlation between the MAP and CA-125 in the preeclampsia group (r = 0.07, P = 0.001). This was comparable with the findings of Cereboy et al. that reported that CA-125 levels were significantly higher in severe preeclampsia compared to mild preeclampsia.[12] Also, significant correlations were reported between CA-125, and MAP in their study.[12]

Likewise, in the study conducted by Osanyin et al., serum levels of CA-125 were higher in severe preeclampsia as compared to mild forms, and CA-125 showed a significant correlation with blood pressure.[13] Similarly, Ozat et al. found in their own study that serum CA-125 concentrations were positively correlated with systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure.[8] Furthermore, Karaman et al. reported in their study that CA-125 levels were significantly higher in severe preeclampsia than those with mild preeclampsia and normal controls, and CA-125 levels were positively correlated with systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure.[1] Consistently, Miami et al. also concluded in their study that serum CA-125 was significantly higher in the preeclampsia groups in comparison to the control group and the increment was directly correlated with the severity of preeclampsia.[14] In accordance, Bhattacharya et al. in their study found out that serum CA-125 concentrations were positively correlated with systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure.[7] They concluded in their study that CA-125 is a biochemical marker that indicates the severity of the inflammatory process in preeclampsia.[7] Bon et al. reported in their study that maternal serum levels of CA-125 were higher during the first and third trimester of pregnancy, but that it showed no relation with preeclampsia.[15] However, of the 120 women with pathologic pregnancies involved in their study, only six were preeclamptics, and this number was rather too small to draw conclusions. Also, the method used to detect serum CA-125 was the Enzymun-Test CA-125 11, which used the intensity of the color developed after the addition of substrate as proportional to the concentration of CA-125 in the specimen.[15] This method is observer-dependent and could be biased. A study carried out by Groot et al. failed to detect any difference between normal and preeclamptic maternal plasma CA-125 at any time during pregnancy.[16] However, 20 women were studied in all; 10 normal, and 10 preeclamptics. This paucity of patients may have underestimated the association of CA-125 with preeclampsia. Also, the criteria used to diagnose severe preeclampsia in their study was an increase in systolic blood pressure of ≥30 mmHg, and an increase in diastolic blood pressure of ≥15 mmHg, above the booking blood pressure. These criteria are now obsolete, and none of the cases met the recent criteria for the diagnosis of severe preeclampsia.[17],[18],[19],[20]


  Conclusion Top


This study observed the mean concentration of CA-125 in normal pregnancies to be significantly lower than the level in preeclamptics. Also, a positive relationship between the level of CA-125 and the severity of preeclampsia was established. Further research is required to clarify the clinical utility of CA-125 as a predictor of preeclampsia.

Limitation

There were significant differences in education and occupation of the control and study groups which may have affected the study outcome.

Declaration of patient consent

The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form, the patient (s) has/have given his/her/their consent for his/her/their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.

Acknowledgments

We wish to express profound gratitude to Professor Emmanuel Ikechukwu Nwobodo, Dr. Ibrahim Godkobo Ango, of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Dr. M.B. Abdulrahaman of the Department of Chemical Pathology UDUTH, Sokoto for their encouragement and guidance during this study. We are immensely grateful to the head of the department; Dr. Abubakar Panti for his guidance, assistance, and continuous tutelage.

We also deeply appreciate Dr. Abubakar Danladi for believing in me. I also want to appreciate Dr. Tajudeen Aiyedun, Dr. Kamil Shoretire, Dr. Bola Owodunni, Dr. Mohd Shittu, Dr. Muazu Abdulsalam and Dr. Enoch Okpara who provided the enabling environment for this research. Many Thanks to Dr. Fatusin Akinfemi, and Dr. Fatusin Bolatito for their guidance in the statistical analysis and write up of this work.

Financial support and sponsorship

A sum of 400,00 naira was provided by the management of Federal Medical Centre, Gusau, Zamfara State.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.



 
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1.
Karaman E, Karaman Y, Alkis I, Han A, Yildirim G, Ark HC. Maternal serum CA-125 level is elevated in severe preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens 2014;4:29-3.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
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American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122:1122-31.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
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Levine RJ, Maynard SE, Qian C, Lim KH, England LJ, Yu KF, et al. Circulating angiogenic factors and the risk of preeclampsia. N Engl J Med 2004;350:672-3.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
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Singh S, Ahmed EB, Egondu SC, Ikechukwu NE. Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy among pregnant women in a Nigerian teaching hospital. Niger Med J 2014;55:384-8.  Back to cited text no. 4
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Anorlu RI, Iwuala NC, Odum CU. Risk factors for pre-eclampsia in Lagos, Nigeria. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2005;45:278-82.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
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Kooffreh ME, Ekott M, Ekpoudom DO. The prevalence of pre-eclampsia among pregnant women in the University of Calabar teaching hospital, Calabar. Saudi J Health Sci 2014;3:133-6.  Back to cited text no. 7
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Ozat M, Kanat-Pektas M, Yenicesu O, Gungor T, Danisma N, Mollamahmutoglu L. Serum concentrations of CA-125 in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011;284:607-2.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
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Bhattacharya A, Saha R. Serum concentrations of CA-125 in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. Iosrphr Org 2014;4:14-7.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
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Munkah A, Chatterjee M, Tainsky MA. Update on ovarian cancer screening. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2007;19:22-2.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
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Redman CW, Sargent IL. Latest advances in understanding preeclampsia. Science 2005;308:1592-5.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
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Cebesoy FB, Balat O, Dikensoy E, Kalayci H, Ibar Y. CA-125 and CRP are elevated in preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 2009;28:201-1.  Back to cited text no. 12
    
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Osanyin GE, Okunade KS, Ayotunde OA. Association between serum CA 125 levels in preeclampsia and its severity among women in Lagos, South-West Nigeria. Hypertens Pregnancy 2018;37:93-7.  Back to cited text no. 13
    
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Miami AHA, Ban HH, Wargaa KM. The association of serum cancer antigen 125 and c-reactive protein level with the severity of preeclampsia. Karbala J Med 2012;5:322-7.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
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Bon GG, Kenemas P, Verstraeten AA, Go S, Phillip PA, van Kamp GJ, et al. Maternal serum CA 125 and CA 15-3 antigen levels in normal and pathological pregnancies. Fetal Diagn Ther 2001;16:166-2.  Back to cited text no. 15
    
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de Groot CJ, O'Brien TJ, Taylor RN. Biochemical evidence of impaired trophoblastic invasion of decidual stroma in women destined to have preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:24-9.  Back to cited text no. 16
    
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Rana S, Lemoine E, Granger JP, Karumanchi SA. Preeclampsia: Pathophysiology, Challenges, and Perspectives. Circ Res 2019;124:1094-1112.  Back to cited text no. 17
    
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ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 202. Summary: Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia. Obstetrics & Gynecology [Internet] 2019 Jan [cited 2019 Dec 18]. Available from https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice- bulletin/articles/2019/01/gestational-hypertension-and-preeclampsia.  Back to cited text no. 19
    
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    Tables

  [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5], [Table 6]



 

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