• Users Online: 12704
  • Home
  • Print this page
  • Email this page
Home About us Editorial board Ahead of print Current issue Search Archives Submit article Instructions Subscribe Contacts Login 


 
 Table of Contents  
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 2018  |  Volume : 35  |  Issue : 3  |  Page : 342-347

Managing sickle cell disease in pregnancy, the success and the challenges: Our experience in a semi-urban tertiary health-care facility, Southwest, Nigeria


Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, State Specialist Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria

Date of Web Publication11-Feb-2019

Correspondence Address:
Dr. Awolola Olalekan Olugbenga
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, State Specialist Hospital, Asubiaro, Osogbo, Osun State
Nigeria
Login to access the Email id

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/TJOG.TJOG_37_18

Rights and Permissions
  Abstract 


Background: Pregnancy complicated by sickle cell disease (SCD) is known to be associated with poor maternal and fetal outcomes. However, the challenges encountered in managing these patients in the rural and semi-urban areas are yet to be evaluated by many of these studies.
Objectives: The objective of the study is to determine the maternal and fetal outcomes of pregnancy complicated by SCD, the importance of the pregestational counseling and care and the challenges faced by the health-care givers in giving them optimal care in Nigeria, especially in rural and semi-urban settings.
Materials and Methods: This is a prospective study. All diagnosed SCD pregnant women seen between May 2013 and April 2016 were recruited into the study, after taking informed consent from them. They were all subjected to the standard management of sickle disease in pregnancy. The antenatal, intrapartum, immediate postdelivery and the puerperal events were documented in structured obstetric data sheets. The information obtained from these data sheets were used to generate a database for analysis.
Results: The total number of the patients recruited into this study was 54. They were all booked patients or those referred from other centers with adequate antenatal records. The incidence of SCD in this study was 1.15% (HBSS; 0.49%, HBSC; 0.55%, and HBCC; 0.11%). The mean maternal ages at booking were 26.35 ± 5.76, 27.12 ± 3.28, and 27.004 ± 0.69 years for HBSS, HBSC, and HBCC, respectively. The mean gestational ages at delivery were 37.43 ± 1.36, 38.58 ± 1.21, and 35.80 ± 0.84 weeks for HBSS, HBSC, and HBCC, respectively. The antenatal bookings were all in the second and third trimesters. Similarly, only 10 (39.96%) had pregestational counseling and care before pregnancy. The patients were mostly middle social class status and with poor antenatal clinic visits.
Discussion: Poor maternal and fetal outcomes were seen more in HBSS than HBSC and HBCC. However, statistical analysis showed statistically significant differences only in the prematurity, preterm labor, and the mean fetal weights. Factors such as pregestational counseling and care, social class, parity, and early antenatal booking play important roles in achieving optimal care and excellent outcomes.
Conclusion: Many authors documented poor maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by SCD. The focus now should be identifying factors that may militate against achieving excellent results from the optimal care of these patients. This we have initiated in this study.

Keywords: Antenatal blood transfusion; postpartum blood transfusion; pregestational counseling and care; sickle cell disease in pregnancy; social class; vaso-occlusive crises.


How to cite this article:
Olugbenga AO. Managing sickle cell disease in pregnancy, the success and the challenges: Our experience in a semi-urban tertiary health-care facility, Southwest, Nigeria. Trop J Obstet Gynaecol 2018;35:342-7

How to cite this URL:
Olugbenga AO. Managing sickle cell disease in pregnancy, the success and the challenges: Our experience in a semi-urban tertiary health-care facility, Southwest, Nigeria. Trop J Obstet Gynaecol [serial online] 2018 [cited 2024 Mar 29];35:342-7. Available from: https://www.tjogonline.com/text.asp?2018/35/3/342/251949


  Introduction Top


Sickle cell disease (SCD), an inherited autosomal recessive disease, is an abnormality of the red blood cells, as a result of the substitution of one amino acid for another.[1],[2],[3] In hemoglobin S, valine a neutrally charged amino acid is substituted for the negatively charged amino acid glutamine acid, while hemoglobin C involves the substitution of lysine for glutamic acid at position 6 of the beta-chain.[1],[2],[4] The substitutions cause the distortion of the red blood cell when the hemoglobin is deoxygenated. Recurrent deoxygenation and the distortion lead to reduced lifespan from 120 days to 17 days. This results in hemolysis and chronic anemia in these patients.[1],[3]

The risk factors for recurrent hemolysis are; infections, dehydration, hypoxic states extreme change of temperature and pregnancy.[3],[4] SCD is predominantly seen in people of African descent, although significant populations are found among the southern European, Hispanic Middle East, and Asian Indian descents.[5]

Pregnancy complicated by SCD has been documented by various authors to be associated with increased adverse maternal and fetal outcomes.[6],[7],[8],[9],[10] However, none of these studies critically looked at the challenges faced by the health-care givers in given optimal care to them, and importance of pregestational counseling and care. These were critically looked into, in this study, especially in semi-urban health-care facilities where the majority of the patients are semi-illiterates. They are still deeply rooted in their traditional beliefs and taboos.


  Materials and Methods Top


It was a prospective study, carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology State Specialist Hospital, Asubiaro, Osogbo, Osun state, Nigeria. All the diagnosed SCD pregnant women, seen between May 2013 and April 2016 were recruited into the study population after an informed consent was taken from each of the patients. These patients and their babies were monitored through the antenatal, intrapartum, postpartum, and the puerperal periods.

However, the patients with coexisting chronic medical conditions such as chronic renal failure, bronchial asthma, diabetes mellitus, and chronic hypertension, patients with coexisting uttering fibroids more than 5 cm in diameter, pregnancies achieved through assisted conception, maternal age of <18 years or more than 40 years and unbooked patients with inadequate antenatal record from the referring centers were excluded from the study.

The antenatal, intrapartum, immediate postpartum, and puerperal events were documented in structured obstetrics data sheet. The information obtained were used to generate database. The data was subjected to statistical analysis with a personal computer using SPSS version 20.0 (SPSS IBM Corp, Armonk, NY) and GraphPad InStat 3 (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA). Chi-square test was conducted to determine associations between variables. P-value < 0.05 was considered significant.


  Results Top


A total of 54 pregnant women with SCD were seen and managed during the study. Twenty-three (42.59%) were HBSS, 26 (48.15%) were HBSC and 5 (9.26%) were HBCC. The total deliveries during this period were 4,758, given an incidence of SCD in pregnancy in our center at 1135/100,000 deliveries or 11.35/1000 deliveries (HBSS; 4.83, HBSC; 5.46, and HBCC; 1.05/1000 deliveries).

The mean maternal ages were 26.35 ± 5.785, 27.12 ± 3.28 and 27.00 ± 4.69 years for HBSS, HBSC, and HBCC, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups when they were compared in term of maternal age [Table 1]. Majority of the patients belong to the social Classes II and III (middle-class status or average income) 91.13%, 92.30%, and 80%, for HBSS, HBSC, and HBCC, respectively [11] [Table 1] and [Figure 1].
Table 1: Maternal characteristics of pregnant sickle cell disease women in State Specialist Hospital Asubiaro, Osogbo, Nigeria

Click here to view
Figure 1: Scoring System for Social Class of the parturients

Click here to view


Late antenatal care booking was a common feature. None of these patients booked for antenatal care during the first trimester. All the antenatal clinic bookings were during the second and the third trimesters [Table 1]. Antenatal clinic visits were not impressive, because a remarkable number of the patients had poor antenatal clinic visits, especially among the HBSS and HBSC. When the groups were compared in terms of the gestational ages at booking and the number of antenatal clinic visits, there was no statistical significance difference between them [Table 1].

Most of the patients were not opportune to have pregestational counseling. Thus, there was no pregestational care in most of the patients; HBSS 20 (86.96%), HBSC 16 (73.08%), and HBCC 5 (100%). The patients were mostly of parity of 0–2; HBCC 21 (91.30%), HBSC 23 (92.31%), and HBCC 2 (40.00%). However, two of the patients with HBSS were of parities of four and five. Most of them delivered at term except 5 (21.74%) of the HBSS and 1 (3.85%) of the HBSC that had preterm deliveries [Table 1]. There were statistically significant differences between the groups when they were compared in terms of parity, pregestational counseling and care and the gestational age at delivery.

Although the stable packed cell volumes for the patients showed higher values of 26%–30% (hemoglobin concentration 8.67–10 g/dl) for the three groups (HBSS: 11 [47.83%], HBSC: 19 [73.08%], and HBCC: 4 [80.00%]). However, there was no statistically significant difference when the groups were compared in term of the stable packed cell volume [Table 1]. It was observed that poorer maternal outcomes were observed in the women with HBSS, but there was no statistically significant difference in between the groups in terms of most of the maternal outcomes except for the preterm labor and preterm deliveries: P < 0.001 [Table 2].
Table 2: Comparing maternal outcomes in women with pregnancy complicated by HBSS, HBSC, and HBCC in State Specialist Hospital, Asubiaro, Osogbo

Click here to view


[Table 3] shows that there were more poor fetal outcomes among women with HBSS genotype. However, only the mean fetal weight and prematurity showed statistically significant differences when the groups were compared in terms of the fetal outcome measures.
Table 3: Comparing Foetal Outcomes in Women with Pregnancy Complicated by HBSS, HBSC and HBCC in State Specialist Hospital Asubiaro, Osogbo

Click here to view


The pregnant women with SCD who did not receive pregestational counseling and care showed poorer materno-fetal outcomes. However, there were no statistically significant differences in most of the materno-fetal outcomes among the groups, except for the routes of deliveries; P < 0.02 [Table 4].
Table 4: Impact of pregestational counseling and care on the Materno-fetal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by sickle cell disease (HBSS, HBSC, and HBCC)

Click here to view



  Discussion Top


Many authors have documented that pregnancies complicated by SCD are associated with poor outcomes.[4],[5],[8],[9],[10],[12],[13],[14] Most of these studies were retrospective, and the different genotypes (HBSS, HBSC, and HBCC) of the patients were not taken into consideration. The patients were grouped together as an entity; SCD. Second, the studies mainly compared SCD pregnant women, with non-SCD pregnant women. Possible factors for improved care and challenges encountered were also not evaluated. These were critically evaluated in this study.

The incidence of SCD in pregnancy varies significantly in different parts of the world. The incidence of SCD in pregnancy in this study was 11.34/1000 deliveries. Omo-Aghoja and Okonofua reported an incidence of 8.7/1000 deliveries in Benin, Nigeria. Muganvizi and Kidanto reported an incidence of 95/100,000 (0.95/1000) deliveries in Muhimbili, Tanzania, while Al Jama et al. reported an incidence of 13/1000 (1.3%) deliveries in eastern Saudi Arabia.[5],[12],[13]

Most of the patients booked in the second and the third trimesters. None of the patients booked during the first trimester. Similarly, poor antenatal clinic visits; such as noncompliance with appointments and irregular antenatal clinic visits were also observed. These are common features in antenatal clinics in our environment. The challenges in this group of people is identifying and managing sickle cell crises during the first trimester and also instituting fetal therapy where necessary.

We transfused our SCD pregnant women when there were clear indications, for blood transfusion, many studies supported our line of management.[4],[6],[9],[15],[16] Blood transfusions exposes the pregnant women and their unborn babies to serious complications such as alloimmunization, immediate blood transfusion reactions, risk of infections such as HIV, Hepatitis B or C, iron overload. However, Cunningham et al. reported an appreciable reduction in maternal morbidities and perinatal mortalities, but with no effect in perinatal morbidities.[17]

In this study, spontaneous vaginal delivery at term was our goal, unless there were obstetrics indications to do otherwise to optimize maternal and neonatal outcomes. Thus, 40 (74.08%) had vaginal deliveries, 12 (22.22%) had cesarean sections, and 2 (3.70%) had Vacuum deliveries. Although Kuo et al. reported that delivery at 38 weeks' optimizes maternal and neonatal outcomes.[18] However, strict adherence to delivery at 38 weeks, may require induction of labor, with it attendant risks of failed induction of labor and interventions in labor.

We observed that the majority of the SCD patients; 44 (81.48%) during this study did not receive preconception counseling and care, which are strong factors in optimizing their care and improve outcome. Medical condition such as pulmonary hypertension is a contraindication to pregnancy in these patients.[19],[20] Patients with chronic medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, recurrent episodes of vaso-occlusive crises, acute chest syndrome coexisting with SCD require stabilization and modification of their drugs before pregnancy. All patients with hemoglobinopathy require mandatory referral for preconception care.[21],[22]

In this study, we recorded 100%, hospital deliveries from our recruited and managed SCD patients. However, patients with HBSS in pregnancy were associated with the poorest maternal and fetal outcomes as compared with those with HBSC and HBCC. This was similar to what was reported by Elenga et al.[23] However, many of the previous authors compared SCD pregnant women with non-SCD pregnant women and not among the different genotypes.[5],[8],[9] We also recorded two cases of perinatal mortalities, each from HBSS and HBSC, but none from HBCC pregnant women. The perinatal mortality rate in this study was 37/1000 births. This was lower than the values from other centers.[5],[12],[14] We recorded 1 (4.35%) maternal mortality among the HBSS patients. Thus, the case fatality rate was 18.52%. This was lower than what were reported from other centers in Nigeria.[5],[12],[24],[25] This may be due to the fact, that these previous studies were retrospective, and there were no predetermined standard or protocol for managing these patients. In this study, the patients were subjected to the same level of standard care.

We also, observed in this study, that five patients presented in the advanced first stage of labor, with full cervical dilatation at presentation and delivered within 30 min of arrival in the labor Ward. This was due to the misconception that a long period of stay in labor Ward will result in unnecessary interventions in labor, especially cesarean sections.[26]

The challenges faced in managing these patients were, poor or no pregestational counseling and care, late antenatal clinic booking and attendance, late presentation in labor, poor acceptance of contraceptions based on their sociocultural beliefs. Some of these manifested in a grand multipara and a para 4 women that absconded after counseling on contraception.


  Conclusion Top


Many authors documented poor maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by SCD. Those studies made some impacts on improving the outcomes. However, studies identifying factors that will militate against achieving excellent results from the optimal care of these patients should be the present focus of researchers. This we have initiated in this study.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

 
  References Top

1.
Rust OA. Pregnancy complicated by sickle haemoglobinopathy. Clin Obstet Gynaecol 1995;38:472-84.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Ganong FW, editor. Circulating body fluids. In: Review of Medical Physiology. 22 ed., Vol. 27. Singapore: Mcgraw-Hill; 2005. p. 515-46.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Agboola A. Anaemia in pregnancy/sickle cell disease. In: Agboola A, editor. Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology for Medical Students. 2nd ed., Vol. 38. Ibadan, Nigeria: Heinemann Educational Books (Nig.) Plc.; 2006. p. 326-35.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Kwawukume EY. Sickle cell disease in pregnancy: In. Kwawukume EY, Emuveyan EE, editors. Comprehensive Obstetrics in the Tropics. Vol. 39. Dansoman, Ghana: Asante and Hittscher Printing Press Ltd.; 2002. p. 303-11.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Muganyizi PS, Kidanto H. Sickle cell disease at a tertiary hospital in Tanzania. PLoS One 2013;8:e56-541.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Malinowski AK, Shehata N, D'Souza R, Kuo KH, Ward R, Shah PS, et al. Prophylactic transfusion for pregnant women with sickle cell disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood 2015;126:2424-35.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Howard RJ, Tuck SM, Pearson TC. Pregnancy in sickle cell disease in the UK: Results of a multicentre survey of the effect of prophylactic blood transfusion on maternal and fetal outcome. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102:947-51.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
Wilson NO, Ceesay FK, Hibbert JM, Driss A, Obed SA, Adjei AA, et al. Pregnancy outcomes among patients with sickle cell disease at Korle-Bu teaching hospital, Accra, Ghana: Retrospective cohort study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012;86:936-42.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Oteng-Ntim E, Meeks D, Seed PT, Webster L, Howard J, Doyle P, et al. Adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with sickle cell disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood 2015;125:3316-25.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Rezai S, Cavallo G, Gottimuk-Kala S, Mercado R, Henderson EC. Dual case reports of haemoglobin SC disease in pregnancy. Obstet Gynaecol Int J 2016;4:00105. [Doi:10.15406/Ogij.2016.04.00105].  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Olusanya O, Okpere E, Ezimokhai M. Scoring system for social class. WA J Med 1995;4:4.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.
Omo-Aghoja IO, Okonofua FE. Pregnancy outcome in women with sickle cell – A five year review. Niger Postgrad Med J 2007;14:151-4.  Back to cited text no. 12
  [Full text]  
13.
Al Jama FE, Gasem T, Burshaid S, Rahman J, Al Suleiman SA, Rahman MS, et al. Pregnancy outcome in patients with homozygous sickle cell disease in a university hospital, Eastern Saudi Arabia. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2009;280:793-7.  Back to cited text no. 13
    
14.
Dare FO, Makinde OO, Faasuba OB. The obstetric performance of sickle cell disease patients and homozygous hemoglobin C disease patients in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1992;37:163-8.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.
Okusanya BO, Oladapo OT. Prophylactic versus selective blood transfusion for sickle cell disease in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Systematic Review 2013;(12):CD010378. DOI:10.1002/4651858.CD010378.pub 2.  Back to cited text no. 15
    
16.
Fernando A, Daftary NS, Bhide A, editors. Hematologic disorders in pregnancy. In: Practical Guide to High-risk Pregnancy and Delivery. A South Asian Perspective. 3rd ed., Vol. 18. Noida, India: Reed Elsevier India Private Ltd.; 2009. p. 465-88.  Back to cited text no. 16
    
17.
Cunningham FG, Pritchard JA, Mason R. Pregnancy and sickle cell hemoglobinopathies: Results with and without prophylactic transfusions. Obstet Gynecol 1983;62:419-24.  Back to cited text no. 17
    
18.
Kuo K, Aviram A, Merril EM, Caughey BA. Optimal Timing of Delivery for Women with Sickle Cell Disease. Am J Obst Gynaecol 2016;214: Suppl: S272-3. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2015.10.542.  Back to cited text no. 18
    
19.
Klings ES, Machado RF, Barst RJ, Morris CR, Mubarak KK, Gordeuk VR, et al. An official American thoracic society clinical practice guideline: Diagnosis, risk stratification, and management of pulmonary hypertension of sickle cell disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014;189:727-40.  Back to cited text no. 19
    
20.
Pieper PG, Lameijer H, Hoendermis ES. Pregnancy and pulmonary hypertension. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2014;28:579-91.  Back to cited text no. 20
    
21.
Akinyinka OO. Preconception and antenatal care: In: Kwawukume EY, Emuveyan EE, editors. Comprehensive Obstetrics in the Tropics. Vol. 39. Damsoman, Ghana: Asante and Hittscher Printing Press Ltd.; 2002. p. 303-11.  Back to cited text no. 21
    
22.
Koh MB, Lao ZT, Rhodes E. Managing haematological disorders during pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2013;27:855-65.  Back to cited text no. 22
    
23.
Elenga N, Adeline A, Balcaen J, Vaz T, Calvez M, Terraz A, et al. Pregnancy in sickle cell disease is a very high-risk situation: An observational study. Obstet Gynecol Int 2016;2016:9069054.  Back to cited text no. 23
    
24.
Ogedengbe OK, Akinyanju O. The pattern of sickle cell disease in pregnancy in Lagos, Nigeria. West Afr J Med 1993;12:96-100.  Back to cited text no. 24
    
25.
Odum CU, Anorlu RI, Dim SI, Oyekan TO. Pregnancy outcome in HbSS-sickle cell disease in Lagos, Nigeria. West Afr J Med 2002;21:19-23.  Back to cited text no. 25
    
26.
Awolola OO. Late arrival in hospital during labour; any correlation with materno-foetal outcome? The state specialist hospital, Asubiaro, Osogbo, Nigeria experience. Trop J Obstet Gynecol 2015;32:45-51.  Back to cited text no. 26
    


    Figures

  [Figure 1]
 
 
    Tables

  [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4]



 

Top
 
 
  Search
 
Similar in PUBMED
   Search Pubmed for
   Search in Google Scholar for
 Related articles
Access Statistics
Email Alert *
Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)

 
  In this article
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Me...
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Article Figures
Article Tables

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed4952    
    Printed270    
    Emailed0    
    PDF Downloaded380    
    Comments [Add]    

Recommend this journal


[TAG2]
[TAG3]
[TAG4]